Intel Core i7 Processor Price List India – Quad Core processor

• Intel Core i7 Processor Price List India – Quad Core processor
• Intel Core i7 920 Processor price – Rs.14,990
• Intel Core i7 950 Processor price – Rs.31,500
• Intel Core i7-860 processor price – Rs.16,500
• Intel Core i7 870 processor price – Rs.32,400
• Intel Core i7 Extreme Edition 965 Processor price -Rs. 54,500
• Intel Core i5 Processor Price List India – Quad Core processor

Intel Core 2 Duo Processor Price List India

• Intel E8400 Core 2 Duo Processor – 8800/- Indian Rupee
• Intel E8500 Core 2 Duo Processor – 8200/- Indian Rupee
• Intel E7500 Core 2 Duo Processor – 5800/- Indian Rupee
• Intel E7400 Core 2 Duo Processor – 6100/- Indian Rupee

Intel Quad Core Processor Price – Intel Core 2 Quad Price list in India

• Intel Q9450 Core 2 Quad Processor – 15490/- Indian Rupee
• Intel Q9400 Core 2 Quad Processor – 10000/- Indian Rupee
• Intel Q8200 Core 2 Quad Processor – 8290/- Indian Rupee
• Intel Q8400 Core 2 Quad Processor – 8590/- Indian Rupee
• Intel Q9550 Core 2 Quad Processor – 11490/- Indian Rupee
• Intel Q9650 Core 2 Quad Processor – 16500/- Indian Rupee
• Intel Quad Core Q9505 (2.83 GHz,6MB L2 cache,1333MHz FSB) – Rs.11,400

Intel Core i5 Dual Core Processor Prices in India – All Prices are in Indian Rupee (INR)

Intel Core i5 dual core processors are built on 32nm technology and will be available in January 2010.
Intel Core i5 650 CPU Specification:
Speed: 3.2 GHz in turbo mode 3.46 GHz
Codename: Clarkdale
Cores: 2 (4 threads)
L3 Cache Size: 4 MB
DDR3 1066/1333 MHz
Socket: LGA1156
Power TDP: 73 W
Intel Core i5 650 Processor Price in India – Approx Rs. 11,500/-
Intel Core i5 660 CPU Specification:
Speed: 3.33 GHz in turbo mode 3.6 GHz
Codename: Clarkdale
Cores: 2 (4 threads)
L3 Cache Size: 4 MB
DDR3 1066/1333 MHz
Socket: LGA1156
Power TDP: 73 W
Intel Core i5 660 Processor Price in India – Approx Rs. 11,500/-
Intel Core i5 661 Processor Specification:
Speed: 3.33 GHz in turbo mode 3.6 GHz
Codename: Clarkdale
Cores: 2 (4 threads)
L3 Cache Size: 4 MB
DDR3 1066/1333 MHz
Socket: LGA1156
Power TDP: 87 W
Intel Core i5 661 CPU Price in India – Approx Rs. 12,000/-
Intel Core i5 670 Processor Specification:
Speed: 3.46 GHz in turbo mode 3.7 GHz
Codename: Clarkdale
Cores: 2 (4 threads)
L3 Cache Size: 4 MB
DDR3 1066/1333 MHz
Socket: LGA1156
Power TDP: 73 W
Intel Core i5 670 Processor Price in India – Approx Rs. 16,000/-

Intel Processor Price List India 2011

Intel Core i7 Processor Price List India – Quad Core processor
* Intel Core i7 920 Processor price – Rs.14,990
* Intel Core i7 950 Processor price - Rs.31,500
* Intel Core i7-860 processor price – Rs.16,500
* Intel Core i7 870 processor price – Rs.32,400
* Intel Core i7 Extreme Edition 965 Processor price -Rs. 54,500

Intel Core i5 Processor Price List India – Quad Core processor
* Intel Core i5-750 processor – Rs.10,600

Intel Core i3 Processor Price List India

* Intel Core i3-530 processor price – Rs.6,500

Intel Quad Core Processor Price – Intel Core 2 Quad Price list in India

* Intel Q9450 Core 2 Quad Processor – 15490/- Indian Rupee
* Intel Q9400 Core 2 Quad Processor – 10000/- Indian Rupee
* Intel Q8200 Core 2 Quad Processor – 8290/- Indian Rupee
* Intel Q8400 Core 2 Quad Processor – 8590/- Indian Rupee
* Intel Q9550 Core 2 Quad Processor – 11490/- Indian Rupee
* Intel Q9650 Core 2 Quad Processor – 16500/- Indian Rupee
* Intel Quad Core Q9505 (2.83 GHz,6MB L2 cache,1333MHz FSB) – Rs.11,400

Intel Core 2 Duo Processor Price List India

* Intel E8400 Core 2 Duo Processor – 8800/- Indian Rupee
* Intel E8500 Core 2 Duo Processor – 8200/- Indian Rupee
* Intel E7500 Core 2 Duo Processor – 5800/- Indian Rupee
* Intel E7400 Core 2 Duo Processor – 6100/- Indian Rupee

Intel Dual Core Price list in India

* Intel Dual-Core E5200 Processor – 3300/- Indian Rupee
* Intel Dual-Core E5300 Processor – 3400/- indian rupee
* Intel Dual-Core E2200 Processor – 3100/- indian rupee

Intel Dual Celeron Price list in India

* Intel Celeron 430 Processor - 1990/- Indian Rupee



Intel Core 2 Duo E6750 2x2MB 1333FSB - Rs. 7,550.00
Intel Core 2 Duo E6850 2x2MB 1333FSB - Rs. 10,600.00
Intel Core 2 Quad Q6600 Kentsfield 2.4GHz - Rs. 8,950.00
Intel® Celeron® Processor Family 430 - Rs. 1,800.00
Intel® Core™2 Duo Desktop Processor E4500 - Rs. 4,500.00
Intel® Core™2 Duo Desktop Processor E7200 - Rs. 5,475.00
Intel® Core™2 Duo Desktop Processor E8200 - Rs. 7,650.00
Intel® Core™2 Duo Desktop Processor E8400 - Rs. 8,050.00
Intel® Core™2 Duo Processor E4600 - Rs. 5,400.00
Intel® Core™2 Quad Processor Q9300 - Rs. 11,700.00
Intel® Core™2 Quad Processor Q9450 - Rs. 17,250.00
Intel® Core™2 Quad Processor Q9550 - Rs. 19,250.00
Intel® Pentium® Dual-Core Processor E2160 - Rs. 2,900.00
Intel® Pentium® Dual-Core Processor E2180 - Rs. 3,250.00

Intel Dual Core Processors

• Intel Dual Core 2.0 GHz E 2180 - 800 FSB/1MBCache 3150
• Intel Dual Core 2.20 GHz E2200 - 800 FSB/1MBCache 3250
• Intel Dual Core 2.5 GHz E5200 - 800 FSB/2MBCache 3500

Celeron D Processors (775)

• Intel Celeron 430 512K L2 cache 1.8 GHz 800MHz FSB 1950

Core 2 Duo (Current Prices)

• Core 2 Duo 2.66Ghz E7300 - (3MB L2 cache 2.66Ghz 1066MHz) 5750
• Core 2 Duo 2.80Ghz E7400 - (3MB L2 cache 2.80Ghz 1066MHz) 5875
• Core 2 Duo 2.66GHz E8200 - (6MB L2 cache 2.66Ghz 1333MHz) 8500
• Core 2 Duo 3.0 GHz E8400 - (6MB L2 cache 3.0Ghz 1333MHz) 9200
• Core 2 Duo 3.16 GHz E8500 - (6MB L2 cache 3.16Ghz 1333MHz) 9600
• Core 2 Duo 3.33 GHz E8600 - (6MB L2 cache 3.33Ghz 1333MHz) 13650

Quad Core Processors

• Quad Core Q6600 2.4 GHz Q6600 - (8MB L2 cache 2.4Ghz 1066MHz FSB) (G0 Stepping Guaranteed) 10200
• Quad Core Q8200 2.33 GHz Q8200 - (4MB L2 cache 2.4Ghz 1333MHz FSB) (G0 Stepping Guaranteed) 9025
• Quad Core Q9400 2.66 GHz Q9400 - (12MB L2 cache 2.66Ghz 1333MHz FSB) 12650
• Quad Core Q9550 2.83 GHz Q9550 - (12MB L2 cache 2.83Ghz 1333MHz FSB) 14650
• Quad Core Q9650 3.0 GHz Q9650 - (12MB L2 cache 3.0Ghz
• 1333MHz FSB) 18300

Intel Core i7 Processor Price List

• Intel Core i7 920 Processor Price – Rs. 15,000/-

Speed: 2.66 GHz
Core:Nehalem
no of Core : Quad-Core
L2 Cache: 4 x 256KB
L3 Cache: 8 MB
Process Type : 45 nm

• Intel Core i7 940 Processor Price - Rs. 30,500/-

Speed: 2.66 GHz
Core:Nehalem
no of Core : Quad-Core
L2 Cache: 4 x 256KB
L3 Cache: 8 MB
Process Type : 45 nm

• Intel Core i7 Extreme Edition 965 Processor Price – Rs. 53,000/-

Speed: 3.2 GHz
Core:Nehalem
no of Core : Quad-Core
L2 Cache: 4 x 256KB
L3 Cache: 8 MB
Process Type : 45 nm

Intel's plan to bring back the PC market

When the worst part of the Economic Storm of 2008 was about to hit, Intel made preparations by moving its emphasis toward Atom, its lowest-end processor for netbooks and embedded devices -- at the time, a single-core unit. Sure, it would drive average selling prices (ASPs) down several points, but it would provide the sales volume necessary to keep Intel in the game, so all hands were bracing themselves against Atom for support.

The biggest sign to date that the storm has officially passed came from Intel's quarterly call exactly one year later. Mention of Atom, the lifeline of the company through the worst of it, was minimized. And we're back to talking about Nehalem, the company's current power-saving architecture, and the move from 45 nm to 32 nm lithography. At least in the skies above Santa Clara, the all-clear has sounded.

During Intel's quarterly conference call to financial analysts yesterday (our thanks to Seeking Alpha for the transcript), we heard the high, resonant sound of that all-clear siren, in the form of a strong and comfortable 57.6% gross margin -- almost one point higher than forecast by the company last year, seven points better than in Q2 2009, and just one point lower than the company was facing before the bad economy hit full-force.

We also heard some evidence of how Intel plans to move forward from here, based on estimates that the general PC market has grown back from its pitfalls in Q1 2009, to just about flat if not slightly better. Essentially, it works like this: Usually, chipsets are a no-gainer business for Intel -- in fact, analysts used to complain during the years when Intel thought it could rely on chipsets as a growth market in itself. Now, with the chipset market having shaken out somewhat, there's more of an expectation that CPU makers AMD and Intel will contribute more to that end of the market, in order to better define the platform.

So Intel has seeded the market in the previous quarter with chipsets, knowing that as OEMs build more motherboards and notebook PCs that utilize those chipsets, demand will be seeded for the CPUs on which these chipsets rely. It's the reverse of the 2005 strategy (that didn't always work), which boiled down to, "If you like the CPU, you'll love the chipset that's made for it."

Here's how Intel CFO Stacy Smith described it to a Merrill Lynch analyst: "Remember the way the supply chain works -- and we think the supply chain is looking pretty normal right now -- if they put some chipset inventory in place in the third quarter, and then they couple it with a CPU in the fourth quarter, [that will] probably [result in] a little richer mix to CPUs in the fourth."

CEO Paul Otellini did mention Intel's shift toward more "systems-on-a-chip," but that refers more to the embedded side of the business. That's where Atom still rules, but Atom was not the star of the day today by any means. The shift in the "product mix" is now clearly toward notebooks and away from desktops, just like it was before, though the netbook form factor was given thanks for helping Intel hang on.

Here's how Otellini passed the torch back to the old generation, from his opening remarks: "Our mobile business had a particularly strong quarter -- in fact, we saw the sequential unit growth rate of notebook processors and chipsets actually exceed the growth rate of Atom processors and chipsets. While Atom and netbooks are important growth drivers for us, our traditional notebook business remains one of the primary drivers of revenue growth, and we expect that to continue in the future."

You don't need chipsets to drive Atom -- that's what system-on-a-chip architecture is all about. Atom already is a platform. As the traditional end of the market resumes its shift to notebooks -- perhaps on fast-forward, compared to the speed that CPU makers anticipated back in 2007 -- Intel is looking to build a complete platform, where the platform drives demand for Nehalem and future 32 nm architectures rather than the other way around, "allowing us to expand margins in a difficult economic environment," remarked Otellini.

It was a leaner Q3 for 2009 than for 2008, but Intel successfully scaled down its operating expenditures to match: its margins year-over-year are a little higher than flat, when Atom's success could have easily driven them into the toilet. The company earned $1.9 billion after expenses last quarter, on $9.4 billion of revenue. For the next quarter, the company gave more direct guidance than we'd seen in recent quarters, expecting as much as 62% gross margins on revenue of about $10.1 billion -- great returns on what probably will not be record sales.

Intel® Intelligent Power

With new hafnium-based circuitry and up to 6MB L2 cache, you can multitask compute-intensive applications up to 2x as fast, while the new Intel® HD Boost gives you up to 50 percent more speed for hi-def multimedia applications.¹ Plus, you'll enjoy a 3x performance improvement for a super-enhanced hi-def video experience and smoother playback with VC-1 hardware acceleration and optional Intel® Graphics Technology.
Intel® Intelligent Power Capability gives you breakthrough enabled battery life so you can stay unplugged longer. The low-leakage, hafnium-based 45nm processor delivers unrivaled energy efficiency while Deep Power Down Technology lets you save power by using it only when you need it. No matter where you're at, you'll have the battery power you need to enjoy DVDs, hours of music, the coolest games, and much more. Plus, with built-in wireless connectivity, you can connect to public Wi-Fi networks around the globe, no wires attached

Intel & iPhone

Intel distanced itself from criticism of Apple's iPhone made by executives at the company's Intel Developer Forum conference in Taipei, saying the comments were not appropriate. The chip maker also acknowledged its own products weren't yet suitable for such a product.Earlier this week, Intel executives Shane Wall and Pankaj Kedia described the iPhone as slow and said the popular handset wasn't able to run the "full Internet" because it uses an Arm processor, instead of an Intel chip. The executives comments -- which neglected to note that Intel doesn't make a low-power processor capable of powering a handset like the iPhone -- were reported by ZDNet Australia, causing consternation within Intel's PR ranks.

Intel's low-power Atom processor does not yet match the battery life characteristics of the Arm processor in a phone form factor; and, that while Intel does have plans on the books to get us to be competitive in the ultra low power domain -- we are not there as yet," the statement said.

The comments by Wall and Kedia are at odds with other statements by Intel executives, who generally lavish praise on the iPhone for its design and success in giving users easy access to the Internet. The remarks may have also put Intel in a difficult spot with Apple, since Intel is widely believed to be hopeful that Apple will use its low-power processors in future products.
THIS WEEK CURRENT NEWS
*Microsoft's chief financial officer outlined a three-part plan the company will undertake to weather the current economic crisis, which spurred Microsoft to lower its revenue and earnings expectations for fiscal 2009 on Thursday.

*Sun hasn't had much good news to report lately, so it wasn't surprising that it went into spin mode Thursday after startup company Arista Networks announced that it had snared Andreas Bechtolsheim, Sun's chief scientist and a highly regarded systems designer, to be its chief development officer.

*Microsoft at its Professional Developers Conference in Los Angeles next week will expand access to its Surface SDK for building applications for its surface computing platform.

*Amazon Thursday announced that after two years in beta mode, its Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) cloud computing service is now generally available. At the same time, the company said the hosted service is adding beta-level support for Microsoft Windows and SQL Server.

* Intel's upcoming Calpella platform, which is due next year, focuses primarily on energy efficiency and battery life.

Why Core2Duo?

1.Outstanding dual-core performance

With its two execution cores, the Intel Core Duo processor is optimized for multi-threaded applications and multitasking. You can simultaneously run multiple demanding applications such as graphics-intensive games or serious number-crunching programs - while downloading music or running virus-scanning security programs in the background.

2.Power efficiency:

Demand for greater power efficiency in computing is on the rise from desktop to laptop PCs. With an Intel Core Duo processor, you get a balance of great dual-core computing capabilities and power savings. Its enhanced voltage efficiency supports cooler and quieter system designs as compared to traditional desktop and laptop PCs. And thanks to the innovative energy efficient technologies built-in, the Intel® Core™ Duo processor is able to transfer power only to those areas of the processor that need it, thereby enabling laptops to save power and desktops to have thinner, sleeker designs.

3.A vibrant media experience:

The Intel Core Duo processor enables your Intel® Core™2 processor with Viiv™ technology and Intel® Centrino® processor technology multimedia experience to be all the more vibrant. Featuring Intel® Digital Media Boost, the Intel® Core™ Duo processor enables accelerating technologies for applications such as CAD tools, 3D and 2D modeling, video editing, digital music, digital photography and gaming. This is one of the key ingredients that help Intel® Core™2 processor with Viiv™ technology and Intel® Centrino® processor technology to give you a truly rich multimedia experience.

4.Smarter, more efficient design:

The Intel Core Duo processor features Intel® Smart Cache which helps deliver a smarter and more efficient cache and bus design to enable enhanced dual-core performance, and power savings.

Apple MacBooks Series

Apple MacBook Core 2 Duo 2.4 GHz

The apple macbook features the latest dual-core processor technology for lightning-fast processing, and a sleek ultra-widescreen 13.3" screen. The macbook features an integrated DVD/CD writer and a 250gb hard-drive. It ships with Apple OS X 10.5 pre-installed. A mere 1.08 inches thin and weighing only 2.3Kg, the MacBook cuts a slim profile on any desk (or in any backpack or briefcase). And since MacBook is sure to become your constant companion, a durable polycarbonate shell keeps it ready for the rough and tumble of everyday life. With two-finger scrolling, the trackpad becomes a fast track to wherever you want to go. And if you come from a right-click world, it’s easy to make the MacBook fit in your comfort zone. There are shortcuts for right-click functionality, forward delete, and more. Processor - Intel Core 2 Duo 2.4 GHz ( Dual-Core ) RAM - 2 GB (installed) / 4 GB (max) - DDR II SDRAM - 667 MHz - PC2-5300 ( 2 x 1 GB ) Hard Drive - 250 GB - Serial ATA-150 - 5400 rpm Operating System - Apple MacOS X 10.5 Screen - 13.3" TFT 1280 x 800 ( WXGA ) Optical Drive - DVD±RW (±R DL) - integrated Graphics - Intel GMA X3100 Bluetooth - Yes Notebook Camera - Integrated Warranty - 1 year warranty

Apple MacBook Pro Core 2 Duo 2.5 GHz

Apple MacBook Pro Core 2 Duo 2.5 GHz Discover the latest generation Macbook pro machines, with up to a 2.4GHz Intel Core 2 Duo, next-generation 802.11n wireless technology and brilliantly clear displays available in 15- and 17-inch models. The MacBook Pro models are among the thinnest, lightest notebooks in their display class, weighing in at just 3.1kg for the 17" model. Brimming with features such as the built-in iSight camera for instant video conferencing on the move and the Front Row function with an Easy to use Apple remote control, the Macbook Pro will never fail to entertain. Processor - Intel Core 2 Duo 2.5 GHz ( Dual-Core ) RAM - 2 GB (installed) / 4 GB (max) - DDR II SDRAM - 667 MHz - PC2-5300 ( 2 x 1 GB ) Hard Drive - 250 GB - Serial ATA-150 - 5400 rpm Operating System - Apple MacOS X 10.5 Screen - 15.4" TFT 1440 x 900 ( WXGA+ ) Optical Drive - DVD±RW (±R DL) - integrated Graphics - NVIDIA GeForce 8600M GT - 512 MB Bluetooth - Yes Notebook Camera - Integrated Warranty - 1 year warranty


Apple MacBook Air Core 2 Duo 1.6 GHz

MacBook Air is ultrathin, ultraportable, and ultra unlike anything else. It's the result countless innovations, breakthrough design, and rethinking existing conventions. With MacBook Air, mobile computing suddenly has a new standard. Nearly as thin as your index finger, practically every detail that could be streamlined has been. Despite this it still has a 13.3-inch widescreen LED display, full-size keyboard, and large multi-touch trackpad. It's highly portable without the usual screen and keyboard compromises. The incredible thinness of MacBook Air is the result of numerous size and weight-reducing innovations. From a slimmer hard drive to strategically hidden I/O ports and a lower-profile battery, everything has been considered and reconsidered with size in mind. MacBook Air performance is as impressive as its looks, thanks to its custom built Intel Core 2 Duo processor. Specially designed to fit within the compact dimensions of MacBook Air. Processor - Intel Core 2 Duo 1.6 GHz ( Dual-Core ) RAM - 2 GB (installed) / 2 GB (max) - DDR II SDRAM - 667 MHz ( provided memory is soldered ) Hard Drive - 80 GB - 4200 rpm Operating System - Apple MacOS X 10.5 Screen - 13.3" TFT 1280 x 800 ( WXGA ) Graphics - Intel GMA X3100 Bluetooth - Yes Notebook Camera - Integrated Warranty - 1 year warranty.

Why Atom?

The processor family is based on the revolutionary Intel Core microarchitecture, designed to provide powerful yet energy-efficient performance. With the power of dual cores, or computing engines, the processors can manage numerous tasks faster. They also can operate more smoothly when multiple applications are running, such as writing e-mails while downloading music or videos and conducting a virus scan. These dual-core chips also improve tasks, such as viewing and playing high-definition video, protecting the PC and its assets during e-commerce transactions, and enabling improved battery life for sleeker, lighter notebooks.

Consumers and businesses will have the option to purchase Intel Core 2 Duo processors as part of Intel's premier market-focused platforms, which are made up of Intel hardware and software technologies tailored to specific computing needs, including Intel vPro technology for businesses, Intel Centrino Duo mobile technology for laptops, and Intel Viiv technology for the home.

Many of the products will also offer a selection of Intel-designed and integrated technologies such as Intel Virtualization Technology and Intel Active Management Technology that make the PC more secure and manageable. Also, support for 64-bit computing now expands to notebook PCs. The new processors can be paired with the Intel 975X, 965, and Mobile Intel 945 Express chipset family. The Intel 965 Express chipset includes the latest integrated graphics and Intel Clear Video Technology. All these chipsets are Microsoft Windows Vista Premium Ready.

Motorola RISC

The Motorola 68060 is much faster than its predecessor, mainly due to higher clock speed, superscalar design, larger instruction and data caches and branch prediction. Under the best conditions the 68060 can execute one integer instruction and one Floating-Point instruction per clock cycle, or up to 2 integer instructions and one branch instruction per clock cycle. Not all integer instructions can be executed simultaneously. Also, the CPU cannot execute the instructions out of order.

Supervisor mode of the Motorola 68060 CPU differs from the 68040 due to changes in exception processing. User mode of the Motorola 68060 is object-compatible with MC68040, assuming that the CPU uses special software to simulate a few instructions that were present in 68040 CPU and are missing in MC68060.
The 68060 CPU uses lower voltage - 3.3 Volt as opposed to 5 Volt for 68040. Lower core voltage directly translates into lower CPU power requirements. For example, 68060 66 MHz dissipates as much power as 68040 33 MHz. In addition to lower voltage the 68060 includes other power-saving features, such as powering down individual chip units when they are not in use, and ability to stop the clock while saving the contents of CPU registers.

What is Quad-Core AMD?

Rapid Virtualization Indexing (RVI) technology is designed to offer near-native performance of virtualized applications while enabling fast switching between virtual machines (VMs.) The VMmark 1.1 consolidation benchmark, released by VMware in May 2008, includes several workloads that take advantage of the benefits of RVI.
Enterprises need specific, useful tools to make informed IT decisions, and the VMware VMmark 1.1 consolidation benchmark is a tool to measure the performance and scalability of platforms running virtualized workloads,” said Brian Byun, vice president of global partners and solutions, at VMware. “We’re pleased that AMD, HP and others continue to participate in and support the VMmark benchmark as an initial indicator of virtualization performance in their products. The VMmark 1.1 benchmark can help enterprises see the value offered by the advantages of the underlying technology innovations delivered by AMD’s RVI technology.”

VMware VMmark 1.1 benchmark measures application performance in virtualized environments on a wide variety of enterprise workloads running simultaneously in separate virtual machines.

AMD today announced it has achieved the top spot on the VMware VMmark virtualization benchmark for x86 servers with the Quad-Core AMD Opteron processor-based HP ProLiant DL585 G5. AMD now holds the top three spots on the 16-core VMmark benchmark.(1) This latest result is further proof that Quad-Core AMD Opteron processors provide a high-performance virtualization solution that allows data center managers to make large-scale virtualization deployments and do so at an attractive price point.

8-BIT Microcontroller

Features
· Compatible with MCS-51 Products · 4 Kbytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory
Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles · Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz · Three-Level Program Memory Lock · 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM · 32 Programmable I/O Lines · Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters · Six Interrupt Sources · Programmable Serial Channel · Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes

Pin Configurations PDIP/Cerdip
Description
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4
Kbytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The
device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology
and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51Ô instruction set and pinout.
The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by
a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU
with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer
which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control
applications.

The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4
Kbytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit
timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture,
a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock
circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static
logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports
two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle
Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters,
serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning.
The Power Down Mode saves the RAM contents but
freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until
the next hardware reset.

When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program
memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle,
except that two PSEN activations are skipped during
each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in
order to enable the device to fetch code from external program
memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.
Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be
internally latched on reset.
EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.
This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable
voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require
12-volt VPP.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the
internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

INTEL PROCESSOR Specifications..

INTEL PROCESSOR Specifications..

T9500 6MB L2 2.60 GHz 800 MHz
T9300 6MB L2 2.50 GHz 800 MHz
T8300 3MB L2 2.40 GHz 800 MHz
T8100 3MB L2 2.10 GHz 800 MHz
T7800 4 MB L2 2.60 GHz 800 MHz
T7700 4 MB L2 2.40 GHz 800 MHz
T7600 4 MB L2 2.33 GHz 667 MHz
T7500 4 MB L2 2.20 GHz 800 MHz
T7400 4 MB L2 2.16 GHz 667 MHz
T7300 4 MB L2 2 GHz 800 MHz
T7250 2 MB L2 2 GHz 800 MHz
T7200 4 MB L2 2 GHz 667 MHz
T7100 2 MB L2 1.80 GHz 800 MHz
T5750 2 MB L2 2 GHz 667 MHz
T5600 2 MB L2 1.83 GHz 667 MHz
T5550 2 MB L2 1.83 GHz 667 MHz
T5500 2 MB L2 1.66 GHz 667 MHz
L7500 4 MB L2 1.60 GHz 800 MHz
L7400 4 MB L2 1.50 GHz 667 MHz
L7300 4 MB L2 1.40 GHz 800 MHz
L7200 4 MB L2 1.33 GHz 667 MHz
U7700 2 MB L2 1.33 GHz 533 MHz
U7600 2 MB L2 1.20 GHz 533 MHz
U7500 2 MB L2 1.06 GHz 533 MHz

Northbridge

In the part "Northbridge", one will find the interface memory DDR. It is the first difference between different the processor from the family 64 bits from AMD. Athlon 64 manage an external data bus of 64 bits, the FX and Opteron of the data buses of 128 Bits. As these processors manage memories ECC, Athlon 64 bits will accept memory ECC on 8 bits of control against 16 bits-ECC for the others. The socket processor is thus different for the 64 and 64 FX.
Part JTAG - Debug is related to the difficulty in testing complex electronic circuits. This developed method fine of the Eighties makes it possible to test "outside" the electronic circuit by memorizing the values of entries and exits. It thus is not directly used in the PC.

Hyper transport is the fast bus allowing connection between northbridge and Southbridge. The number of channels is 1 for Athlon 64 and Athlon 64FX. For the opteron, it is of 3 channels. Each channel is able to transfer 3,2 GB/s in each direction (6,4 GB/s on the whole).

All this explains in particular different the socket for the family Athlon 64, Athlon 64: socket 754, advanced mid- 2004 towards the socket 939 which manages Dual Channel

Athlon 64 FX: socket 940 (identical to the opteron), advanced mid- 2004 towards the socket 939 (identical to Athlon64). First Athlon FX51 were thus of Opteron with 2 of the three channels hyper decontaminated transport. Athlon FX53 becomes again Athlon 64 (which it replaces) with a more important mask.

How Athlon 64 works?

In the preceding chapter, we have the internal architecture of standard processors. We will see in this chapter the architecture of Athlons 64 bits (Athlon 64 - Athlon FX and Opteron). Even if the heart of the processor seems equivalent, the various models differ mainly by their external components.

The athlon 64 in the general direction use a mixed internal architecture 32 - 64 bits. They are thus able to use operating systems 32 bits (Windows 95/98/me/2000/NT/XP) and operating system 64 bits (currently semi-2004: Linux even if a version Windows 64 bits is under development - specific versions Windows server).

Itanium of INTEL use only one architecture 64 bits, they can thus use only operating system 64 bits.

A processor 64 bits using an operating system 64 bits can jointly use applications 32 and 64 bits. On the other hand, case of the AMD, a processor 64 bits turning on an operating system 32 bits can make turn only of the applications 32 bits. Conversely, a processor 32 bits can use only operating systems and applications 32 bits.

A broad part of the information taken again on this page comes directly from the site of AMD.

Operating System

Computers are machines that perform tasks or calculations according to a set of instructions, or programs. The first fully electronic computers, introduced in the 1940s, were huge machines that required teams of people to operate. Compared to those early machines, today's computers are amazing. Not only are they thousands of times faster, they can fit on your desk, in your lap, or even in your pocket.

Computers work through an interaction of hardware and software. Hardware refers to the parts of a computer that you can see and touch, including the case and everything inside it. The most important piece of hardware is a tiny rectangular chip inside your computer called the central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor. It's the "brain" of your computer—the part that translates instructions and performs calculations. Hardware items such as your monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, and other components are often called hardware devices, or devices.

Software refers to the instructions, or programs, that tell the hardware what to do. A word processing program that you can use to write letters on your computer is a type of software. The operating system (OS) is software that manages your computer and the devices connected to it. Two well-known operating systems are Windows and Mac OS. Your computer uses the Windows operating system.

ENIAC PC (1946)

Introduced in 1946, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first general-purpose electronic computer. It was built for the United States military to calculate the paths of artillery shells. Physically, ENIAC was enormous, weighing more than 27,000 kilograms (60,000 pounds) and filling a large room. To process data, ENIAC used about 18,000 vacuum tubes, each the size of a small light bulb. The tubes burned out easily and had to be constantly replaced.