Intel® Intelligent Power

With new hafnium-based circuitry and up to 6MB L2 cache, you can multitask compute-intensive applications up to 2x as fast, while the new Intel® HD Boost gives you up to 50 percent more speed for hi-def multimedia applications.¹ Plus, you'll enjoy a 3x performance improvement for a super-enhanced hi-def video experience and smoother playback with VC-1 hardware acceleration and optional Intel® Graphics Technology.
Intel® Intelligent Power Capability gives you breakthrough enabled battery life so you can stay unplugged longer. The low-leakage, hafnium-based 45nm processor delivers unrivaled energy efficiency while Deep Power Down Technology lets you save power by using it only when you need it. No matter where you're at, you'll have the battery power you need to enjoy DVDs, hours of music, the coolest games, and much more. Plus, with built-in wireless connectivity, you can connect to public Wi-Fi networks around the globe, no wires attached

Intel & iPhone

Intel distanced itself from criticism of Apple's iPhone made by executives at the company's Intel Developer Forum conference in Taipei, saying the comments were not appropriate. The chip maker also acknowledged its own products weren't yet suitable for such a product.Earlier this week, Intel executives Shane Wall and Pankaj Kedia described the iPhone as slow and said the popular handset wasn't able to run the "full Internet" because it uses an Arm processor, instead of an Intel chip. The executives comments -- which neglected to note that Intel doesn't make a low-power processor capable of powering a handset like the iPhone -- were reported by ZDNet Australia, causing consternation within Intel's PR ranks.

Intel's low-power Atom processor does not yet match the battery life characteristics of the Arm processor in a phone form factor; and, that while Intel does have plans on the books to get us to be competitive in the ultra low power domain -- we are not there as yet," the statement said.

The comments by Wall and Kedia are at odds with other statements by Intel executives, who generally lavish praise on the iPhone for its design and success in giving users easy access to the Internet. The remarks may have also put Intel in a difficult spot with Apple, since Intel is widely believed to be hopeful that Apple will use its low-power processors in future products.
THIS WEEK CURRENT NEWS
*Microsoft's chief financial officer outlined a three-part plan the company will undertake to weather the current economic crisis, which spurred Microsoft to lower its revenue and earnings expectations for fiscal 2009 on Thursday.

*Sun hasn't had much good news to report lately, so it wasn't surprising that it went into spin mode Thursday after startup company Arista Networks announced that it had snared Andreas Bechtolsheim, Sun's chief scientist and a highly regarded systems designer, to be its chief development officer.

*Microsoft at its Professional Developers Conference in Los Angeles next week will expand access to its Surface SDK for building applications for its surface computing platform.

*Amazon Thursday announced that after two years in beta mode, its Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) cloud computing service is now generally available. At the same time, the company said the hosted service is adding beta-level support for Microsoft Windows and SQL Server.

* Intel's upcoming Calpella platform, which is due next year, focuses primarily on energy efficiency and battery life.

Why Core2Duo?

1.Outstanding dual-core performance

With its two execution cores, the Intel Core Duo processor is optimized for multi-threaded applications and multitasking. You can simultaneously run multiple demanding applications such as graphics-intensive games or serious number-crunching programs - while downloading music or running virus-scanning security programs in the background.

2.Power efficiency:

Demand for greater power efficiency in computing is on the rise from desktop to laptop PCs. With an Intel Core Duo processor, you get a balance of great dual-core computing capabilities and power savings. Its enhanced voltage efficiency supports cooler and quieter system designs as compared to traditional desktop and laptop PCs. And thanks to the innovative energy efficient technologies built-in, the Intel® Core™ Duo processor is able to transfer power only to those areas of the processor that need it, thereby enabling laptops to save power and desktops to have thinner, sleeker designs.

3.A vibrant media experience:

The Intel Core Duo processor enables your Intel® Core™2 processor with Viiv™ technology and Intel® Centrino® processor technology multimedia experience to be all the more vibrant. Featuring Intel® Digital Media Boost, the Intel® Core™ Duo processor enables accelerating technologies for applications such as CAD tools, 3D and 2D modeling, video editing, digital music, digital photography and gaming. This is one of the key ingredients that help Intel® Core™2 processor with Viiv™ technology and Intel® Centrino® processor technology to give you a truly rich multimedia experience.

4.Smarter, more efficient design:

The Intel Core Duo processor features Intel® Smart Cache which helps deliver a smarter and more efficient cache and bus design to enable enhanced dual-core performance, and power savings.

Apple MacBooks Series

Apple MacBook Core 2 Duo 2.4 GHz

The apple macbook features the latest dual-core processor technology for lightning-fast processing, and a sleek ultra-widescreen 13.3" screen. The macbook features an integrated DVD/CD writer and a 250gb hard-drive. It ships with Apple OS X 10.5 pre-installed. A mere 1.08 inches thin and weighing only 2.3Kg, the MacBook cuts a slim profile on any desk (or in any backpack or briefcase). And since MacBook is sure to become your constant companion, a durable polycarbonate shell keeps it ready for the rough and tumble of everyday life. With two-finger scrolling, the trackpad becomes a fast track to wherever you want to go. And if you come from a right-click world, it’s easy to make the MacBook fit in your comfort zone. There are shortcuts for right-click functionality, forward delete, and more. Processor - Intel Core 2 Duo 2.4 GHz ( Dual-Core ) RAM - 2 GB (installed) / 4 GB (max) - DDR II SDRAM - 667 MHz - PC2-5300 ( 2 x 1 GB ) Hard Drive - 250 GB - Serial ATA-150 - 5400 rpm Operating System - Apple MacOS X 10.5 Screen - 13.3" TFT 1280 x 800 ( WXGA ) Optical Drive - DVD±RW (±R DL) - integrated Graphics - Intel GMA X3100 Bluetooth - Yes Notebook Camera - Integrated Warranty - 1 year warranty

Apple MacBook Pro Core 2 Duo 2.5 GHz

Apple MacBook Pro Core 2 Duo 2.5 GHz Discover the latest generation Macbook pro machines, with up to a 2.4GHz Intel Core 2 Duo, next-generation 802.11n wireless technology and brilliantly clear displays available in 15- and 17-inch models. The MacBook Pro models are among the thinnest, lightest notebooks in their display class, weighing in at just 3.1kg for the 17" model. Brimming with features such as the built-in iSight camera for instant video conferencing on the move and the Front Row function with an Easy to use Apple remote control, the Macbook Pro will never fail to entertain. Processor - Intel Core 2 Duo 2.5 GHz ( Dual-Core ) RAM - 2 GB (installed) / 4 GB (max) - DDR II SDRAM - 667 MHz - PC2-5300 ( 2 x 1 GB ) Hard Drive - 250 GB - Serial ATA-150 - 5400 rpm Operating System - Apple MacOS X 10.5 Screen - 15.4" TFT 1440 x 900 ( WXGA+ ) Optical Drive - DVD±RW (±R DL) - integrated Graphics - NVIDIA GeForce 8600M GT - 512 MB Bluetooth - Yes Notebook Camera - Integrated Warranty - 1 year warranty


Apple MacBook Air Core 2 Duo 1.6 GHz

MacBook Air is ultrathin, ultraportable, and ultra unlike anything else. It's the result countless innovations, breakthrough design, and rethinking existing conventions. With MacBook Air, mobile computing suddenly has a new standard. Nearly as thin as your index finger, practically every detail that could be streamlined has been. Despite this it still has a 13.3-inch widescreen LED display, full-size keyboard, and large multi-touch trackpad. It's highly portable without the usual screen and keyboard compromises. The incredible thinness of MacBook Air is the result of numerous size and weight-reducing innovations. From a slimmer hard drive to strategically hidden I/O ports and a lower-profile battery, everything has been considered and reconsidered with size in mind. MacBook Air performance is as impressive as its looks, thanks to its custom built Intel Core 2 Duo processor. Specially designed to fit within the compact dimensions of MacBook Air. Processor - Intel Core 2 Duo 1.6 GHz ( Dual-Core ) RAM - 2 GB (installed) / 2 GB (max) - DDR II SDRAM - 667 MHz ( provided memory is soldered ) Hard Drive - 80 GB - 4200 rpm Operating System - Apple MacOS X 10.5 Screen - 13.3" TFT 1280 x 800 ( WXGA ) Graphics - Intel GMA X3100 Bluetooth - Yes Notebook Camera - Integrated Warranty - 1 year warranty.

Why Atom?

The processor family is based on the revolutionary Intel Core microarchitecture, designed to provide powerful yet energy-efficient performance. With the power of dual cores, or computing engines, the processors can manage numerous tasks faster. They also can operate more smoothly when multiple applications are running, such as writing e-mails while downloading music or videos and conducting a virus scan. These dual-core chips also improve tasks, such as viewing and playing high-definition video, protecting the PC and its assets during e-commerce transactions, and enabling improved battery life for sleeker, lighter notebooks.

Consumers and businesses will have the option to purchase Intel Core 2 Duo processors as part of Intel's premier market-focused platforms, which are made up of Intel hardware and software technologies tailored to specific computing needs, including Intel vPro technology for businesses, Intel Centrino Duo mobile technology for laptops, and Intel Viiv technology for the home.

Many of the products will also offer a selection of Intel-designed and integrated technologies such as Intel Virtualization Technology and Intel Active Management Technology that make the PC more secure and manageable. Also, support for 64-bit computing now expands to notebook PCs. The new processors can be paired with the Intel 975X, 965, and Mobile Intel 945 Express chipset family. The Intel 965 Express chipset includes the latest integrated graphics and Intel Clear Video Technology. All these chipsets are Microsoft Windows Vista Premium Ready.

Motorola RISC

The Motorola 68060 is much faster than its predecessor, mainly due to higher clock speed, superscalar design, larger instruction and data caches and branch prediction. Under the best conditions the 68060 can execute one integer instruction and one Floating-Point instruction per clock cycle, or up to 2 integer instructions and one branch instruction per clock cycle. Not all integer instructions can be executed simultaneously. Also, the CPU cannot execute the instructions out of order.

Supervisor mode of the Motorola 68060 CPU differs from the 68040 due to changes in exception processing. User mode of the Motorola 68060 is object-compatible with MC68040, assuming that the CPU uses special software to simulate a few instructions that were present in 68040 CPU and are missing in MC68060.
The 68060 CPU uses lower voltage - 3.3 Volt as opposed to 5 Volt for 68040. Lower core voltage directly translates into lower CPU power requirements. For example, 68060 66 MHz dissipates as much power as 68040 33 MHz. In addition to lower voltage the 68060 includes other power-saving features, such as powering down individual chip units when they are not in use, and ability to stop the clock while saving the contents of CPU registers.

What is Quad-Core AMD?

Rapid Virtualization Indexing (RVI) technology is designed to offer near-native performance of virtualized applications while enabling fast switching between virtual machines (VMs.) The VMmark 1.1 consolidation benchmark, released by VMware in May 2008, includes several workloads that take advantage of the benefits of RVI.
Enterprises need specific, useful tools to make informed IT decisions, and the VMware VMmark 1.1 consolidation benchmark is a tool to measure the performance and scalability of platforms running virtualized workloads,” said Brian Byun, vice president of global partners and solutions, at VMware. “We’re pleased that AMD, HP and others continue to participate in and support the VMmark benchmark as an initial indicator of virtualization performance in their products. The VMmark 1.1 benchmark can help enterprises see the value offered by the advantages of the underlying technology innovations delivered by AMD’s RVI technology.”

VMware VMmark 1.1 benchmark measures application performance in virtualized environments on a wide variety of enterprise workloads running simultaneously in separate virtual machines.

AMD today announced it has achieved the top spot on the VMware VMmark virtualization benchmark for x86 servers with the Quad-Core AMD Opteron processor-based HP ProLiant DL585 G5. AMD now holds the top three spots on the 16-core VMmark benchmark.(1) This latest result is further proof that Quad-Core AMD Opteron processors provide a high-performance virtualization solution that allows data center managers to make large-scale virtualization deployments and do so at an attractive price point.

8-BIT Microcontroller

Features
· Compatible with MCS-51 Products · 4 Kbytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory
Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles · Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz · Three-Level Program Memory Lock · 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM · 32 Programmable I/O Lines · Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters · Six Interrupt Sources · Programmable Serial Channel · Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes

Pin Configurations PDIP/Cerdip
Description
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4
Kbytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The
device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology
and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51Ô instruction set and pinout.
The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by
a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU
with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer
which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control
applications.

The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4
Kbytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit
timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture,
a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock
circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static
logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports
two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle
Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters,
serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning.
The Power Down Mode saves the RAM contents but
freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until
the next hardware reset.

When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program
memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle,
except that two PSEN activations are skipped during
each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in
order to enable the device to fetch code from external program
memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.
Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be
internally latched on reset.
EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.
This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable
voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require
12-volt VPP.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the
internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

INTEL PROCESSOR Specifications..

INTEL PROCESSOR Specifications..

T9500 6MB L2 2.60 GHz 800 MHz
T9300 6MB L2 2.50 GHz 800 MHz
T8300 3MB L2 2.40 GHz 800 MHz
T8100 3MB L2 2.10 GHz 800 MHz
T7800 4 MB L2 2.60 GHz 800 MHz
T7700 4 MB L2 2.40 GHz 800 MHz
T7600 4 MB L2 2.33 GHz 667 MHz
T7500 4 MB L2 2.20 GHz 800 MHz
T7400 4 MB L2 2.16 GHz 667 MHz
T7300 4 MB L2 2 GHz 800 MHz
T7250 2 MB L2 2 GHz 800 MHz
T7200 4 MB L2 2 GHz 667 MHz
T7100 2 MB L2 1.80 GHz 800 MHz
T5750 2 MB L2 2 GHz 667 MHz
T5600 2 MB L2 1.83 GHz 667 MHz
T5550 2 MB L2 1.83 GHz 667 MHz
T5500 2 MB L2 1.66 GHz 667 MHz
L7500 4 MB L2 1.60 GHz 800 MHz
L7400 4 MB L2 1.50 GHz 667 MHz
L7300 4 MB L2 1.40 GHz 800 MHz
L7200 4 MB L2 1.33 GHz 667 MHz
U7700 2 MB L2 1.33 GHz 533 MHz
U7600 2 MB L2 1.20 GHz 533 MHz
U7500 2 MB L2 1.06 GHz 533 MHz

Northbridge

In the part "Northbridge", one will find the interface memory DDR. It is the first difference between different the processor from the family 64 bits from AMD. Athlon 64 manage an external data bus of 64 bits, the FX and Opteron of the data buses of 128 Bits. As these processors manage memories ECC, Athlon 64 bits will accept memory ECC on 8 bits of control against 16 bits-ECC for the others. The socket processor is thus different for the 64 and 64 FX.
Part JTAG - Debug is related to the difficulty in testing complex electronic circuits. This developed method fine of the Eighties makes it possible to test "outside" the electronic circuit by memorizing the values of entries and exits. It thus is not directly used in the PC.

Hyper transport is the fast bus allowing connection between northbridge and Southbridge. The number of channels is 1 for Athlon 64 and Athlon 64FX. For the opteron, it is of 3 channels. Each channel is able to transfer 3,2 GB/s in each direction (6,4 GB/s on the whole).

All this explains in particular different the socket for the family Athlon 64, Athlon 64: socket 754, advanced mid- 2004 towards the socket 939 which manages Dual Channel

Athlon 64 FX: socket 940 (identical to the opteron), advanced mid- 2004 towards the socket 939 (identical to Athlon64). First Athlon FX51 were thus of Opteron with 2 of the three channels hyper decontaminated transport. Athlon FX53 becomes again Athlon 64 (which it replaces) with a more important mask.

How Athlon 64 works?

In the preceding chapter, we have the internal architecture of standard processors. We will see in this chapter the architecture of Athlons 64 bits (Athlon 64 - Athlon FX and Opteron). Even if the heart of the processor seems equivalent, the various models differ mainly by their external components.

The athlon 64 in the general direction use a mixed internal architecture 32 - 64 bits. They are thus able to use operating systems 32 bits (Windows 95/98/me/2000/NT/XP) and operating system 64 bits (currently semi-2004: Linux even if a version Windows 64 bits is under development - specific versions Windows server).

Itanium of INTEL use only one architecture 64 bits, they can thus use only operating system 64 bits.

A processor 64 bits using an operating system 64 bits can jointly use applications 32 and 64 bits. On the other hand, case of the AMD, a processor 64 bits turning on an operating system 32 bits can make turn only of the applications 32 bits. Conversely, a processor 32 bits can use only operating systems and applications 32 bits.

A broad part of the information taken again on this page comes directly from the site of AMD.

Operating System

Computers are machines that perform tasks or calculations according to a set of instructions, or programs. The first fully electronic computers, introduced in the 1940s, were huge machines that required teams of people to operate. Compared to those early machines, today's computers are amazing. Not only are they thousands of times faster, they can fit on your desk, in your lap, or even in your pocket.

Computers work through an interaction of hardware and software. Hardware refers to the parts of a computer that you can see and touch, including the case and everything inside it. The most important piece of hardware is a tiny rectangular chip inside your computer called the central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor. It's the "brain" of your computer—the part that translates instructions and performs calculations. Hardware items such as your monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, and other components are often called hardware devices, or devices.

Software refers to the instructions, or programs, that tell the hardware what to do. A word processing program that you can use to write letters on your computer is a type of software. The operating system (OS) is software that manages your computer and the devices connected to it. Two well-known operating systems are Windows and Mac OS. Your computer uses the Windows operating system.

ENIAC PC (1946)

Introduced in 1946, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first general-purpose electronic computer. It was built for the United States military to calculate the paths of artillery shells. Physically, ENIAC was enormous, weighing more than 27,000 kilograms (60,000 pounds) and filling a large room. To process data, ENIAC used about 18,000 vacuum tubes, each the size of a small light bulb. The tubes burned out easily and had to be constantly replaced.

XEON BY INTEL

The Quad-Core Intel® Xeon® processor 7300 series, based on the Intel® Core™ microarchitecture, offers leading scalable performance and best-in-class virtualization for server consolidation.

Experience up to 2x greater scalable performance¹ 2.5x greater virtualization performance², and 3x performance per watt³ than the industry-leading Dual-Core Intel Xeon processor in the same power envelope. These quad-core-based servers enable you to be more productive and reduce data center space, power and administration/operation costs by consolidating your data center onto fewer servers.

80-watt Intel Xeon processors set new standards in energy efficiency. The E7340, E7330, E7320 processors provide 15 percent up to 47 percent decreases in power.◊ For ultradense deployments the 50-watt Intel Xeon processor L7345 provides 47 percent up to 67 percent decrease in power§ from Intel® dual-core 95- and 150-watt processors.


sSpec Number:
CPU Speed:
PCG:
Bus Speed:
Bus/Core Ratio:
L2 Cache Size:
L2 Cache Speed:
SL9YM
2.66 GHz

1333 MHz
8
8 MB
2.66 GHz
Package Type:
Manufacturing Technology:
Core Stepping:
CPUID String:
Thermal Design Power:
Thermal Specification:
VID Voltage Range:
LGA771
65 nm
B3
06F7h
120W
65°C
1.162V-1.200V

linux on xeon

$ uname -a
Linux lanmaster 2.6.22-14-generic #1 SMP Sun Oct 14 21:45:15 GMT 2007 x86_64 GNU/Linux

$ cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor : 0
vendor_id : GenuineIntel
cpu family : 15
model : 4
model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 3.20GHz
stepping : 1
cpu MHz : 3200.210
cache size : 1024 KB
physical id : 0
siblings : 2
core id : 0
cpu cores : 1
fpu : yes
fpu_exception : yes
cpuid level : 5
wp : yes
flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm syscall nx lm constant_tsc pni monitor ds_cpl cid cx16 xtpr
bogomips : 6404.88
clflush size : 64
cache_alignment : 128
address sizes : 36 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

processor : 1
vendor_id : GenuineIntel
cpu family : 15
model : 4
model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 3.20GHz
stepping : 1
cpu MHz : 3200.210
cache size : 1024 KB
physical id : 3
siblings : 2
core id : 0
cpu cores : 1
fpu : yes
fpu_exception : yes
cpuid level : 5
wp : yes
flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm syscall nx lm constant_tsc pni monitor ds_cpl cid cx16 xtpr
bogomips : 6400.81
clflush size : 64
cache_alignment : 128
address sizes : 36 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

processor : 2
vendor_id : GenuineIntel
cpu family : 15
model : 4
model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 3.20GHz
stepping : 1
cpu MHz : 3200.210
cache size : 1024 KB
physical id : 0
siblings : 2
core id : 0
cpu cores : 1
fpu : yes
fpu_exception : yes
cpuid level : 5
wp : yes
flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm syscall nx lm constant_tsc pni monitor ds_cpl cid cx16 xtpr
bogomips : 6400.78
clflush size : 64
cache_alignment : 128
address sizes : 36 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

processor : 3
vendor_id : GenuineIntel
cpu family : 15
model : 4
model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 3.20GHz
stepping : 1
cpu MHz : 3200.210
cache size : 1024 KB
physical id : 3
siblings : 2
core id : 0
cpu cores : 1
fpu : yes
fpu_exception : yes
cpuid level : 5
wp : yes
flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm syscall nx lm constant_tsc pni monitor ds_cpl cid cx16 xtpr
bogomips : 6400.85
clflush size : 64
cache_alignment : 128
address sizes : 36 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

$ dmesg | grep -i throttling
[ 55.718656] ACPI: Processor [CPU0] (supports 8 throttling states)
[ 55.718683] ACPI: Processor [CPU1] (supports 8 throttling states)
[ 55.718704] ACPI: Processor [CPU2] (supports 8 throttling states)
[ 55.718725] ACPI: Processor [CPU3] (supports 8 throttling states)

$ lsmod | grep -i cpufreqcpufreq_stats 8160 0
cpufreq_conservative 9608 0
cpufreq_userspace 6048 0
cpufreq_powersave 3072 0
cpufreq_ondemand 10896 0
freq_table 6464 2 cpufreq_stats,cpufreq_ondemand

$ sudo modprobe acpi_cpufreq
FATAL: Error inserting acpi_cpufreq (/lib/modules/2.6.22-14-generic/kernel/arch/x86_64/kernel/cpufreq/acpi-cpufreq.ko): No such device

$ sudo cpufreq-selector -g ondemand
No cpufreq support

Architecture

To design optimized code to run on Pentium III and future IA-32 processors, the best approach is to optimize with a forward-looking perspective. The IA-32 Intel® Architecture Optimization Reference Manual (Order Number 248966) addresses the programmer?s need to deliver highly-optimized results for current and future generations of IA-32 processors using a common code base. The IA-32 Intel® Architecture Optimization Reference Manual is the recommended reference manual for creating highly-optimized applications to run on Pentium III and Pentium 4 processors.

The Intel® Architecture Optimization Reference Manual (Order number 245127) provides information on the micro-architecture of the Pentium III processor, and describes code optimization techniques to enable you to tune your application for optimized results specifically on Pentium Pro, Pentium II and Pentium III processors.

86 Family CPU

No one can seem to tell me the difference between the two (45nm and x38)? What do these numbers mean, and are they both just CPU’s of different generations? I can’t seem to see these numbers in any specifications for processors, so how do you know which processors are which? I hope you can help, since no one I know can tell me. It’s important because I want to buy a new motherboard and want to make sure everything is compatible. Also, if you can tell me, what does the 775 number mean? I sent a copy of this to my brother, who knows a lot more about computers than I do.


A few quick answers for you:

The 775 number refers to a “775 socket”. A computer’s CPU will plug into a certain type of slot on the motherboard. The 775 socket is a certain type of slot. If you have a motherboard with a 775 socket type, and you’re purchasing a CPU for it, you want to make sure the CPU is also a 775 socket type.

The “x38″ number you mention is probably a partial description. It’s most likely a variation of “x386″ or “x86″. A 386 processor or “x86″ processor is a certain type of CPU used in old computers. Compared to today’s machines, this processor was very slow.

Finally, “45nm”: This is a certain type of advanced processor. Read for more detail on the 45nm semiconductor.

All these numbers are pretty technical, and are generally not considered when purchasing a new PC. (That’s for the general population - if you’re a techie, these numbers might be pretty important!) Also see this link for minimum hardware recommendations when purchasing a new computer.

History Of INTEL...

Computers have changed in their ability in one simple dimension. They've become faster, and in a very predictable manner. The number of devices of a chip - that is the circuit elements in a logic circuit - Gordon Moore predicted with incredible perspicacity in 1965 to double every 18 months.
Computers have changed in their ability in one simple dimension. They've become faster, and in a very predictable manner. The number of devices of a chip - that is the circuit elements in a logic circuit - Gordon Moore predicted with incredible perspicacity in 1965 to double every 18 months.
In 1968, Bob Noyce and Gordon Moore were two unhappy engineers working for the Fairchild Semiconductor Company who decided to quit and create their own company at a time when many Fairchild employees were leaving to create start-ups. People like Noyce and Moore were nicknamed the "Fairchildren".Bob Noyce typed himself a one page idea of what he wanted to do with his new company, and that was enough to convince San Francisco venture capitalist Art Rock to back Noyce's and Moore's new venture. Rock raised $2.5 million dollars in less than 2 days.
The name "Moore Noyce" was already trademarked by a hotel chain, so the two founders decided upon the name "Intel" for their new company, a shortened version of "Integrated Electronics".Intel's first money making product was the 3101 Schottky bipolar 64-bit static random access memory (SRAM) chip.
The 4004 was the world's first universal microprocessor. In the late 1960s, many scientists had discussed the possibility of a computer on a chip, but nearly everyone felt that integrated circuit technology was not yet ready to support such a chip. Intel's Ted Hoff felt differently; he was the first person to recognize that the new silicon-gated MOS technology might make a single-chip CPU (central processing unit) possible.
Hoff and the Intel team developed such an architecture with just over 2,300 transistors in an area of only 3 by 4 millimetres. With its 4-bit CPU, command register, decoder, decoding control, control monitoring of machine commands and interim register, the 4004 was one heck of a little invention. Today's 64-bit microprocessors are still based on similar designs, and the microprocessor is still the most complex mass-produced product ever with more than 5.5 million transistors performing hundreds of millions of calculations each second - numbers that are sure to be outdated fast.

WORLD OF INTEL ®

Intel® Core™2 Extreme Extreme exhilaration. Extreme enjoyment. Whether it's gaming, digital photography, or video editing, today's high-impact entertainment demands breakthrough
technology. Now with a new version based on Intel's cutting edge 45nm technology utilizing hafnium-infused circuitry to
deliver even greater performance and power efficiency.