Features
· Compatible with MCS-51 Products · 4 Kbytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory
Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles · Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz · Three-Level Program Memory Lock · 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM · 32 Programmable I/O Lines · Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters · Six Interrupt Sources · Programmable Serial Channel · Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes
Pin Configurations PDIP/Cerdip
Description
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4
Kbytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The
device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology
and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51Ô instruction set and pinout.
The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by
a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU
with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer
which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control
applications.
The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4
Kbytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit
timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture,
a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock
circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static
logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports
two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle
Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters,
serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning.
The Power Down Mode saves the RAM contents but
freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until
the next hardware reset.
When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program
memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle,
except that two PSEN activations are skipped during
each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in
order to enable the device to fetch code from external program
memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.
Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be
internally latched on reset.
EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.
This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable
voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require
12-volt VPP.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the
internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
Sunday, August 31, 2008
INTEL PROCESSOR Specifications..
INTEL PROCESSOR Specifications..
T9500 6MB L2 2.60 GHz 800 MHz
T9300 6MB L2 2.50 GHz 800 MHz
T8300 3MB L2 2.40 GHz 800 MHz
T8100 3MB L2 2.10 GHz 800 MHz
T7800 4 MB L2 2.60 GHz 800 MHz
T7700 4 MB L2 2.40 GHz 800 MHz
T7600 4 MB L2 2.33 GHz 667 MHz
T7500 4 MB L2 2.20 GHz 800 MHz
T7400 4 MB L2 2.16 GHz 667 MHz
T7300 4 MB L2 2 GHz 800 MHz
T7250 2 MB L2 2 GHz 800 MHz
T7200 4 MB L2 2 GHz 667 MHz
T7100 2 MB L2 1.80 GHz 800 MHz
T5750 2 MB L2 2 GHz 667 MHz
T5600 2 MB L2 1.83 GHz 667 MHz
T5550 2 MB L2 1.83 GHz 667 MHz
T5500 2 MB L2 1.66 GHz 667 MHz
L7500 4 MB L2 1.60 GHz 800 MHz
L7400 4 MB L2 1.50 GHz 667 MHz
L7300 4 MB L2 1.40 GHz 800 MHz
L7200 4 MB L2 1.33 GHz 667 MHz
U7700 2 MB L2 1.33 GHz 533 MHz
U7600 2 MB L2 1.20 GHz 533 MHz
U7500 2 MB L2 1.06 GHz 533 MHz
T9500 6MB L2 2.60 GHz 800 MHz
T9300 6MB L2 2.50 GHz 800 MHz
T8300 3MB L2 2.40 GHz 800 MHz
T8100 3MB L2 2.10 GHz 800 MHz
T7800 4 MB L2 2.60 GHz 800 MHz
T7700 4 MB L2 2.40 GHz 800 MHz
T7600 4 MB L2 2.33 GHz 667 MHz
T7500 4 MB L2 2.20 GHz 800 MHz
T7400 4 MB L2 2.16 GHz 667 MHz
T7300 4 MB L2 2 GHz 800 MHz
T7250 2 MB L2 2 GHz 800 MHz
T7200 4 MB L2 2 GHz 667 MHz
T7100 2 MB L2 1.80 GHz 800 MHz
T5750 2 MB L2 2 GHz 667 MHz
T5600 2 MB L2 1.83 GHz 667 MHz
T5550 2 MB L2 1.83 GHz 667 MHz
T5500 2 MB L2 1.66 GHz 667 MHz
L7500 4 MB L2 1.60 GHz 800 MHz
L7400 4 MB L2 1.50 GHz 667 MHz
L7300 4 MB L2 1.40 GHz 800 MHz
L7200 4 MB L2 1.33 GHz 667 MHz
U7700 2 MB L2 1.33 GHz 533 MHz
U7600 2 MB L2 1.20 GHz 533 MHz
U7500 2 MB L2 1.06 GHz 533 MHz
Friday, August 8, 2008
Northbridge
In the part "Northbridge", one will find the interface memory DDR. It is the first difference between different the processor from the family 64 bits from AMD. Athlon 64 manage an external data bus of 64 bits, the FX and Opteron of the data buses of 128 Bits. As these processors manage memories ECC, Athlon 64 bits will accept memory ECC on 8 bits of control against 16 bits-ECC for the others. The socket processor is thus different for the 64 and 64 FX.
Part JTAG - Debug is related to the difficulty in testing complex electronic circuits. This developed method fine of the Eighties makes it possible to test "outside" the electronic circuit by memorizing the values of entries and exits. It thus is not directly used in the PC.
Hyper transport is the fast bus allowing connection between northbridge and Southbridge. The number of channels is 1 for Athlon 64 and Athlon 64FX. For the opteron, it is of 3 channels. Each channel is able to transfer 3,2 GB/s in each direction (6,4 GB/s on the whole).
All this explains in particular different the socket for the family Athlon 64, Athlon 64: socket 754, advanced mid- 2004 towards the socket 939 which manages Dual Channel
Athlon 64 FX: socket 940 (identical to the opteron), advanced mid- 2004 towards the socket 939 (identical to Athlon64). First Athlon FX51 were thus of Opteron with 2 of the three channels hyper decontaminated transport. Athlon FX53 becomes again Athlon 64 (which it replaces) with a more important mask.
Part JTAG - Debug is related to the difficulty in testing complex electronic circuits. This developed method fine of the Eighties makes it possible to test "outside" the electronic circuit by memorizing the values of entries and exits. It thus is not directly used in the PC.
Hyper transport is the fast bus allowing connection between northbridge and Southbridge. The number of channels is 1 for Athlon 64 and Athlon 64FX. For the opteron, it is of 3 channels. Each channel is able to transfer 3,2 GB/s in each direction (6,4 GB/s on the whole).
All this explains in particular different the socket for the family Athlon 64, Athlon 64: socket 754, advanced mid- 2004 towards the socket 939 which manages Dual Channel
Athlon 64 FX: socket 940 (identical to the opteron), advanced mid- 2004 towards the socket 939 (identical to Athlon64). First Athlon FX51 were thus of Opteron with 2 of the three channels hyper decontaminated transport. Athlon FX53 becomes again Athlon 64 (which it replaces) with a more important mask.
How Athlon 64 works?
In the preceding chapter, we have the internal architecture of standard processors. We will see in this chapter the architecture of Athlons 64 bits (Athlon 64 - Athlon FX and Opteron). Even if the heart of the processor seems equivalent, the various models differ mainly by their external components.
The athlon 64 in the general direction use a mixed internal architecture 32 - 64 bits. They are thus able to use operating systems 32 bits (Windows 95/98/me/2000/NT/XP) and operating system 64 bits (currently semi-2004: Linux even if a version Windows 64 bits is under development - specific versions Windows server).
Itanium of INTEL use only one architecture 64 bits, they can thus use only operating system 64 bits.
A processor 64 bits using an operating system 64 bits can jointly use applications 32 and 64 bits. On the other hand, case of the AMD, a processor 64 bits turning on an operating system 32 bits can make turn only of the applications 32 bits. Conversely, a processor 32 bits can use only operating systems and applications 32 bits.
A broad part of the information taken again on this page comes directly from the site of AMD.
The athlon 64 in the general direction use a mixed internal architecture 32 - 64 bits. They are thus able to use operating systems 32 bits (Windows 95/98/me/2000/NT/XP) and operating system 64 bits (currently semi-2004: Linux even if a version Windows 64 bits is under development - specific versions Windows server).
Itanium of INTEL use only one architecture 64 bits, they can thus use only operating system 64 bits.
A processor 64 bits using an operating system 64 bits can jointly use applications 32 and 64 bits. On the other hand, case of the AMD, a processor 64 bits turning on an operating system 32 bits can make turn only of the applications 32 bits. Conversely, a processor 32 bits can use only operating systems and applications 32 bits.
A broad part of the information taken again on this page comes directly from the site of AMD.
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Intel® Core™2 Extreme quad-core processor
When more is better-with four processing cores the Intel Core 2 Extreme processor delivers unrivaled¹ performance for the latest, greatest generation of multi-threaded games and multimedia apps.
Now with a new version based on Intel's cutting edge 45nm technology utilizing hafnium-infused circuitry to deliver even greater performance and power efficiency. The Intel® Core™2 Extreme processor QX9770 running at 3.2 GHz delivers the best possible experience for today's most demanding users.
* 12 MB of total L2 cache * 1600 MHz front side bus
Intel® Core™2 Extreme mobile processorExperience the world's highest performing mobile processor². Bar none. Now you have the performance to play the latest multi-threaded games anywhere, with the Intel® Core™2 Extreme dual-core mobile processor X9000.
* 6 MB of shared L2 cache * 800 MHz front side bus
Now every new Mac ships with an Intel processor. Experience delightful responsiveness from the smallest Mac mini to the most beefed-up Mac Pro. Use one of more than 7,000 universal applications that take full advantage of the Intel chip. Run programs from your PowerPC-based Mac in translation. Powered by Intel chips, your new Mac will do all those things that only Macs can do — and do so at an astonishing level of performance.IntelThe new Mac core
Every Mac uses a chip based on Intel Core technology, the next generation in processor design from the world’s leading chip maker. The result of massive R&D effort involving thousands of engineers. An entire collection of revolutions shrunk into an unimaginably small space, consuming less energy, too. Two cores work together to share resources, and are designed to conserve power when their functions aren’t required. Whether in an ultra-sleek MacBook, or workstation class Mac Pro, Intel Core technology lets you get more power with less power.Mac Pro and Final Cut StudioFour on the floor
And that means pure creative exhilaration with four 64-bit cores inside the new Mac Pro. The Core-based Intel Xeon is so power efficient, that Apple engineers were able to remove the liquid cooling system from the previous Power-PC based model. Which means you can load up the Mac Pro with more cards, more hard drives, more memory. So you can do more with Final Cut Studio, Aperture, Logic Pro, and the growing number of universal applications for creative professionals.Intel Core DuoDual-roar
The Intel Core 2 Duo is actually two processors (cores) engineered onto a single chip — offering virtually twice the computational power of a traditional single processor in the same space. With two cores tightly integrated, increased L2 cache, and a host of engineering breakthroughs, the Intel Core 2 Duo delivers higher performance for all the things you do — from enhancing the family photos to rendering special effects for a feature film.
Now with a new version based on Intel's cutting edge 45nm technology utilizing hafnium-infused circuitry to deliver even greater performance and power efficiency. The Intel® Core™2 Extreme processor QX9770 running at 3.2 GHz delivers the best possible experience for today's most demanding users.
* 12 MB of total L2 cache * 1600 MHz front side bus
Intel® Core™2 Extreme mobile processorExperience the world's highest performing mobile processor². Bar none. Now you have the performance to play the latest multi-threaded games anywhere, with the Intel® Core™2 Extreme dual-core mobile processor X9000.
* 6 MB of shared L2 cache * 800 MHz front side bus
Now every new Mac ships with an Intel processor. Experience delightful responsiveness from the smallest Mac mini to the most beefed-up Mac Pro. Use one of more than 7,000 universal applications that take full advantage of the Intel chip. Run programs from your PowerPC-based Mac in translation. Powered by Intel chips, your new Mac will do all those things that only Macs can do — and do so at an astonishing level of performance.IntelThe new Mac core
Every Mac uses a chip based on Intel Core technology, the next generation in processor design from the world’s leading chip maker. The result of massive R&D effort involving thousands of engineers. An entire collection of revolutions shrunk into an unimaginably small space, consuming less energy, too. Two cores work together to share resources, and are designed to conserve power when their functions aren’t required. Whether in an ultra-sleek MacBook, or workstation class Mac Pro, Intel Core technology lets you get more power with less power.Mac Pro and Final Cut StudioFour on the floor
And that means pure creative exhilaration with four 64-bit cores inside the new Mac Pro. The Core-based Intel Xeon is so power efficient, that Apple engineers were able to remove the liquid cooling system from the previous Power-PC based model. Which means you can load up the Mac Pro with more cards, more hard drives, more memory. So you can do more with Final Cut Studio, Aperture, Logic Pro, and the growing number of universal applications for creative professionals.Intel Core DuoDual-roar
The Intel Core 2 Duo is actually two processors (cores) engineered onto a single chip — offering virtually twice the computational power of a traditional single processor in the same space. With two cores tightly integrated, increased L2 cache, and a host of engineering breakthroughs, the Intel Core 2 Duo delivers higher performance for all the things you do — from enhancing the family photos to rendering special effects for a feature film.
